What are Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLDs)?
A Specific Learning Difficulty (SpLD) is a term used to describe a difference in how a person processes and learns certain types of information. These differences can affect skills such as reading, writing, or working with numbers, but they are not related to overall intelligence.
The most common types of SpLDs are:
Dyslexia: Challenges with reading, spelling, and writing.
Dyspraxia: Difficulties with coordination and motor skills.
Dyscalculia: Trouble with understanding numbers and mathematical concepts.
Dysgraphia: Issues with handwriting and organising written work.
Each person with an SpLD will experience these differences in a unique way, and the impact can vary from person to person. While some individuals may find certain tasks more challenging, others may need support in multiple areas.
SpLDs can occur alongside other learning differences, such as ADHD or Autism, which are all part of the concept of neurodiversity. This recognises that variations in how people think and learn are a normal part of human diversity. With appropriate support and strategies, such as specialised teaching methods or assistive technologies, people with SpLDs can overcome challenges and achieve success in many areas of life.
What is dyslexia?
Dyslexia is a specific learning difficulty that primarily affects a person’s ability to read, spell, and write. It is a difference in how the brain processes language, making it harder for individuals to connect letters to sounds, recognise words, and read fluently. Dyslexia is not linked to intelligence, and many people with dyslexia are highly capable in areas such as problem-solving, creativity, and communication.
Dyslexia affects each person differently, and the severity can range from mild to more significant challenges. While some may struggle mainly with reading or spelling, others may also experience difficulties with memory, organisation, and time management. Dyslexia often coexists with other learning differences, such as ADHD or dyspraxia, highlighting the unique way in which individuals process information.
Importantly, dyslexia does not prevent someone from achieving academic or professional success. With appropriate support, such as tailored teaching methods and assistive technologies, individuals with dyslexia can build the skills needed to thrive. Early intervention and targeted strategies can make a significant difference, helping individuals develop confidence and reach their full potential.
What are the signs of dyslexia in children?
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Difficulty with Phonics and Word Recognition: Children may struggle to learn letter-sound relationships, making it hard to recognise words when reading.
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Slow and Inaccurate Reading: Reading may be slow and effortful, often skipping or misreading words.
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Poor Spelling: Common difficulties include inconsistent spelling or phonetically spelling words incorrectly (e.g., "frend" for "friend").
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Trouble with Writing: Children with dyslexia may have messy handwriting, struggle with organising ideas in writing, or frequently mix up the order of letters.
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Difficulty Following Instructions: Remembering sequences, such as multi-step instructions, can be challenging.
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Avoiding Reading and Writing Tasks: They may show reluctance to engage in activities that involve reading or writing, often due to frustration or fatigue.
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Poor Short-Term Memory: Struggling to retain information such as names, lists, or new vocabulary.
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Delayed Speech or Language Development: Some children show early signs through delayed language skills, mixing up words, or difficulty pronouncing them.
What are the signs of dyslexia in adults?
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Reading Difficulty: Adults may read more slowly than others, particularly when reading unfamiliar or complex material.
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Spelling Challenges: Consistently misspelling common words or writing them phonetically (e.g., “definitely” instead of “definitely”).
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Writing and Organisation Issues: Struggling to organise written work, with ideas being jumbled or sentences unclear.
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Difficulty with Time Management: Often losing track of time, missing deadlines, or struggling to organise tasks.
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Memory Problems: Forgetting names, numbers, or instructions, particularly when under pressure.
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Difficulty with Directions and Navigation: Finding it hard to follow maps or verbal directions, frequently getting lost or confused by left/right.
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Word Retrieval Difficulties: Frequently finding it hard to recall the right word when speaking or writing.
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Low Self-Esteem: Many adults with dyslexia experience frustration and low self-confidence due to their struggles with reading, writing, or organising information.
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